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* Ripulito qualche discorso fumoso
* Aggiunte immagini
This commit is contained in:
giuliof 2018-03-09 21:21:27 +01:00
parent f7acecbd95
commit 8414078b98
10 changed files with 3208 additions and 31 deletions
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113
tex/5-ricondizionare.tex
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@ -11,20 +11,24 @@ A differenza di quanto si crede, l'operazione di assemblaggio di un PC non è af
\section{Gli strumenti di lavoro}
Un computer può essere montato e smontato agevolmente con un solo cacciavite a croce e una pinza, sebbene nell'attività di Trashware sia consigliato dotarsi di un insieme di attrezzi utili in qualunque situazione di emergenza:
%% mah, io ci metterei du figurine anziché sta lista brutta da morì
\\set di cacciaviti di varie dimensioni e formati (croce, taglio, esagonale?)
\\cacciaviti con manico lungo
\\pinza
\\pinza a punte sottili
\begin{multicols}{2}
\begin{itemize}
\item set di cacciaviti di varie dimensioni e formati (croce, taglio, esagonale?)
\item cacciaviti con manico lungo
\item pinza
\item pinza a punte sottili
%chiave a boccola da 5 mm con manico.
\\chiavi inglesi di piccolo calibro
\\set di brugole
\\pinzetta isolata con punte sottili
\\tester
\\calamita
\\saldatore a stagno
\\torcia a led
\\lente di ingrandimento
\\aspirapolvere e/o compressore
\item chiavi inglesi di piccolo calibro
\item set di brugole
\item pinzetta isolata con punte sottili
\item tester
\item calamita
\item saldatore a stagno
\item torcia a led
\item lente di ingrandimento
\item aspirapolvere e/o compressore
\end{itemize}
\end{multicols}
%%%%%%%%%%%%
@ -45,13 +49,12 @@ Le precauzioni di base più comune è quella di toccare occasionalmente degli og
\paragraph{Caduta dei componenti}
In teoria sembra facile prevenirli, ma i danni da caduta sono molto più frequenti rispetto a quelli elettrostatici.
Gli hard disk cadono spesso durante l'installazione e altri parti possono facilmente fare un volo dal tavolo.
Per evitare di danneggiare preziosi componenti, evitate di lavorare ai bordi del tavolo.
Lasciate inoltre i pezzi imballati fino al momento della loro installazione, un po' lontano da dove si sta lavorando.
Per evitare di danneggiare preziosi componenti evitare di lavorare ai bordi del tavolo.
%Lasciate inoltre i pezzi imballati fino al momento della loro installazione, un po' lontano da dove si sta lavorando.
\paragraph{Azioni maldestre}
Danneggiare un componente prima di iniziare o completare l'assemblaggio è veramente fastidioso.
Molti componenti richiedono un po' di forza per essere collegati ai vari connettori (per es. RAM), ma altri invece devono essere maneggiati delicatamente (per es. CPU).
%\paragraph{Azioni maldestre}
%Danneggiare un componente prima di iniziare o completare l'assemblaggio è veramente fastidioso.
%Molti componenti richiedono un po' di forza per essere collegati ai vari connettori (per es. RAM), ma altri invece devono essere maneggiati delicatamente (per es. CPU).
%Consigli utili
%Per il vostro lavoro di assemblaggio è utile utilizzare un piano di appoggio ampio e alla giusta altezza in modo che permetta di operare tranquillamente sul case del computer.
@ -65,25 +68,42 @@ Molti componenti richiedono un po' di forza per essere collegati ai vari connett
% io accorperei le due cose
\section{Assemblare e disassemblare un PC}
Nel caso un PC venga ricondizionato o riparato, alcuni componenti dovranno essere sostituiti perché guasti o non più supportati, oppure aggiunti (ad esempio la RAM o le schede di espansione).
È utile prendere nota dei componenti che si andranno ad utilizzare, lasciando una piccola nota all'interno del case.
%È utile prendere nota dei componenti che si andranno ad utilizzare, lasciando una piccola nota all'interno del case.
%È importante, soprattutto per i meno esperti, ricordarsi come e dove erano montati e collegati i vari componenti.
% tanto si dice dopo
%Una attenzione particolare occorre per i cavetti che collegano la scheda madre con il cabinet (pulsante di accensione, reset, led, prese USB frontali e di eventuali prese audio).
%Direi di far seguire le parti che più spesso devono essere sostituite, con cause e consigli
Seguono alcuni consigli per effettuare le sostituzioni tipiche:
Seguono alcuni consigli per effettuare le sostituzioni tipiche all'interno del PC, suddivise per componenti.
\subsection{Una prima ispezione}
%Condensatori esplosi, ventole bloccate dai cavi, polvere.
Prima di iniziare il lavoro, se il PC su cui si sta lavorando è vecchio e pieno di polvere, aprirlo per pulirlo prima con un aspirapolvere o con un po' di aria compressa.
Questa operazione conviene farla anche se il PC sembra funzionante, in modo da verificare che tutti i cavi siano ordinati e non blocchino il movimento delle ventole, oppure che non siano presenti componenti deteriorati che, a lungo termine, potrebbero provocare malfunzionamenti. In particolare si ha spesso a che fare con \textit{condensatori danneggiati}, componenti cilindrici che se sottoposti a particolari stress tendono a gonfiarsi, a volte fino ad esplodere.\\
Questa operazione conviene farla anche se il PC sembra funzionante, in modo da verificare che tutti i cavi siano ordinati e non blocchino il movimento delle ventole, oppure che non siano presenti componenti deteriorati che, a lungo termine, potrebbero provocare malfunzionamenti.
In particolare si ha spesso a che fare con \textit{condensatori danneggiati}, componenti cilindrici che se sottoposti a particolari stress tendono a gonfiarsi, a volte fino ad esplodere (figura \ref{fig:HW-condensatori-danneggiati}).\\
Se presenti, conviene sicuramente cambiare la scheda su cui sono posti. Se si è esperti in saldatura a stagno si può anche tentare di sostituirli.
\begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.4\linewidth]{img/raster/HW-condensatori-danneggiati.jpg}
\caption{Alcuni condensatori danneggiati su una scheda madre.}
\label{fig:HW-condensatori-danneggiati}
\end{figure}
\subsection{CPU e dissipatore}
\begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.4\linewidth]{img/raster/HW-ventola-intel.jpg}
\includegraphics[width=.3\linewidth]{img/raster/HW-cpu-mount}
\caption{Rimuovere una ventola Intel e montare un processore.}
\label{fig:HW-ventola-intel}
\end{figure}
\textit{\textbf{Motivazioni:} sostituzione con una CPU più potente, oppure della pasta termica o della ventola di dissipazione;}
Innanzitutto è necessario rimuovere il dissipatore.
Quelli più moderni utilizzano un sistema di fissaggio con quattro perni in plastica: è sufficiente far ruotare di 90\textdegree le apposite maniglie e poi sollevarle leggermente.
Quelli più moderni utilizzano un sistema di fissaggio con quattro perni in plastica: è sufficiente far ruotare di 90\textdegree{} le apposite maniglie, anche aiutandosi con un cacciavite, e poi sollevarle leggermente (figura \ref{fig:HW-ventola-intel}).
\\
%sostituire allentabile con una parola in italiano
Alcune schede madri con processore AMD utilizzano invece un sistema ad aggancio metallico, allentabile sollevando il gancio plastico.
@ -98,7 +118,7 @@ Questo può essere reperito facilmente cercando su Internet il codice (solitamen
Sostituita la CPU, è necessario deporre una \textbf{pasta termica}\footnote{Anche detta pasta siliconica o pasta conduttiva.} che migliora lo scambio di calore fra il processore e il dissipatore.
% mah, mai successo
Se il dissipatore è nuovo, sul fondo dello stesso potrebbe essere già presente la pasta conduttiva, protetta da una superficie di plastica, altrimenti è necessario procurarsene separatamente un tubetto.
Se il dissipatore è nuovo, sul fondo dello stesso potrebbe essere già presente la pasta conduttiva protetta da una superficie di plastica, altrimenti è necessario procurarsene separatamente un tubetto.
\\
Quando si utilizzano dissipatori o CPU recuperati è necessario pulirli perfettamente dai residui della vecchia pasta, evitando di rigarne la superficie.
@ -111,6 +131,12 @@ L'alimentazione della ventola dovrà essere riposizionata in corrispondenza del
\subsection{Montaggio delle memorie RAM}
\textit{\textbf{Motivazioni:} aumento della memoria, sostituzione di moduli danneggiati;}
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{img/vectors/HW-ram-inserire}
\caption{Corretto inserimento di una RAM}
\end{figure}
Le RAM vanno inserite in modo che gli intagli coincidano con i ``dentini" previsti negli slot della scheda madre.\\
Innanzitutto bisogna allargare i fermi laterali in plastica.
È poi sufficiente esercitare una leggera pressione su entrambi i lati della memoria fino ad udire un \textit{click}, dato dai fermi laterali che si chiudono automaticamente.
@ -157,6 +183,15 @@ Nota: I cavetti dei dati (D- e D+) sono contrassegnati con dei numeri (di solito
L'audio frontale è invece sempre compattato in un unico connettore, fatto in modo da non essere inserito in modo errato.
Sulla scheda madre è usualmente marcato come \textit{Front Audio} o \textit{F\_AUDIO}.
\begin{figure}[hbt!]
\hspace{\fill}
\includegraphics[height=5em]{img/vectors/HW-usb-pin}
\hspace{\fill}
\includegraphics[height=5em]{img/vectors/HW-audio-pin}
\hspace{\fill}
\caption{Connettori USB e audio su scheda madre.}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%
@ -171,11 +206,19 @@ Sulla scheda madre è usualmente marcato come \textit{Front Audio} o \textit{F\_
L'alimentatore deve disporre di connettori adatti alla scheda madre ed alle memorie secondarie che dovranno esservi montate.
Pertanto bisogna verificare se:
\begin{itemize}
\item il connettore di alimentazione principale della scheda madre è a 24 poli oppure 28 (figura ??);
\item il connettore di alimentazione principale della scheda madre è a 24 poli oppure 28 (figura \ref{fig:HW-connettore-atx});
\item la scheda madre richiede uno o più connettori secondari (figura ??);
\item dovranno essere montate soltanto memorie con vecchio ``connettore Molex" (solitamente, se sono IDE hanno questo connettore), oppure il più recente connettore di alimentazione SATA.
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[hbt!]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=10em]{img/vectors/HW-connettore-atx}
\includegraphics[height=10em]{img/raster/HW-connettore-atx-aggiuntivo}
\caption{}
\label{fig:HW-connettore-atx}
\end{figure}
Se si sta montando un nuovo alimentatore, per il fissaggio al case sono sufficienti 4 viti.
\\
Se l'alimentatore è di recupero si consiglia di testarlo preventivamente, utilizzando o un apposito strumento, oppure un semplice tester.
@ -198,7 +241,7 @@ Fare attenzione in particolare ai connettori verso la scheda madre, dotati di un
%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Montare hard disk, unità ottiche e floppy}
\subsection{Montare hard disk e unità ottiche}
I dischi fissi si montano inserendoli dalla parte interna del cabinet.
Dove richiesto, si suggerisce di fissarli con tutte le 4 viti, mentre alcuni cabinet prevedono sistemi di ancoraggio che non le richiedono.
Poiché gli hard disk generano calore, se non è previsto un sistema di raffreddamento specifico, avvitare bene tutte le 4 viti in modo da far aderire il più possibile la parte metallica dell'hard disk (di solito alluminio) al telaio metallico del cabinet: questo aiuta ad ottenere una maggiore dissipazione del calore.
@ -207,13 +250,21 @@ Poiché gli hard disk generano calore, se non è previsto un sistema di raffredd
Le unità ottiche vanno invece montate dall'esterno, rimuovendo prima le protezioni in plastica o in metallo poste sul fronte, poi inserendole fino ad allinearle al profilo del case.
\begin{figure}[hbt!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.4\linewidth]{img/raster/HW-ide-jumper}
\caption{Il jumper inserito su un Hard Disk IDE}
\end{figure}
Dischi e lettori ottici IDE hanno bisogno di una configurazione supplementare che conviene effettuare \textbf{prima} di inserirli nel case.
Poiché ogni canale IDE può supportare due dispositivi, uno dei due deve essere configurato come master e l'altro come slave, impostazione da effettuarsi con un piccolo ponticello posto sul drive a fianco del connettore.
Una errata configurazione (ad esempio, due master sullo stesso canale) comporterà un conflitto e la scheda madre non riconoscerà uno dei due dispositivi, se non entrambi.
\\
Oltre a master e slave è presente anche una terza modalità, detta Cable Select: ponendo in questa posizione i ponticelli di \textit{entrambi} i dispositivi sarà la scheda madre a decidere quale dei due è il master, evitando così conflitti accidentali.
Le varie posizioni del jumper sono sempre riportate sul dispositivo stesso.
\\
Per memorie con connettore SATA non si pone questo problema
Per oggetti con connettore SATA non si pone questo problema.
%Nelle schede madri non recenti sono previsti due canali IDE ad ognuno dei quali si posso collegare 2 unità (una master e una slave).
%Solitamente questi connettori sulla scheda madre sono colorati.
@ -257,7 +308,7 @@ Una volta assemblato un computer, o fatta una modifica, conviene sempre effettua
Collegare quindi schermo, mouse, tastiera e cavo di alimentazione, dunque accendere il PC.
Se tutto è andato per il verso giusto il PC dovrà emettere un singolo \textit{beep} e mostrare su schermo le informazioni date dal BIOS.
In base a cosa è stato cambiato si consiglia di lanciare un test: solitamente un LiveCD di Linux contiene tutto il necessario.
%% si potrebbe linkare il wiki del GOLEM con la pagina relativa al testing
\section{Due parole sui portatili}
Mettere le mani su un computer portatile può essere di gran lunga più complesso.
@ -265,10 +316,10 @@ Se si è presa in considerazione questa idea, che sia per aggiornare o sostituir
\begin{itemize}
\item la sostituzione di parti esterne, come alimentatore o batteria, non comporta quasi mai un problema.
È sufficiente attenersi a quanto scritto sullo chassis, acquistando materiale con stesse caratteristiche (in particolare la tensione di alimentazione, l'amperaggio può essere anche maggiore);
\item se il portatile è in garanzia l’apertura ne comporta il decadimento!
%In particolare: quasi tutti i produttori appongono degli adesivi in posizioni "strategiche", ovvero sopra alle viti che bloccano non solo la base, ma anche i più banali sportelli di protezione, come quelli della RAM e del disco fisso: se l’adesivo viene danneggiato gli interventi successivi presso il produttore saranno pienamente a vostro carico.
\item se il portatile è in garanzia l'apertura ne comporta il decadimento!
%In particolare: quasi tutti i produttori appongono degli adesivi in posizioni "strategiche", ovvero sopra alle viti che bloccano non solo la base, ma anche i più banali sportelli di protezione, come quelli della RAM e del disco fisso: se l'adesivo viene danneggiato gli interventi successivi presso il produttore saranno pienamente a vostro carico.
%2. Qualsiasi banale errore può danneggiare uno o più componenti interni e compromettere irrimediabilmente il funzionamento del portatile!
\item non esiste una regola unica per aprire un portatile: conviene sempre cercarne il manuale su Internet oppure dei video che ne illustrino i passaggi;
\item sono necessarie cura ed ordine: un portatile può avere viti e parti di forme diverse che dovranno poi essere rimontate esattamente nello stesso modo. Inoltre alcune parti sono montate ad incastro ed con una eccessiva foga porterebbe a romperle;
\item ogni portatile è praticamente diverso da un altro. Pertanto non passi l'idea che di due portatili acciaccati se ne possa fare uno: è quasi sempre possibile sostituire un hard disk o aggiungere RAM, ma è pressoché improbabile sostituire una scheda madre o uno schermo.
\item ogni portatile è praticamente diverso da un altro. Pertanto non passi l'idea che di due portatili acciaccati se ne possa sempre fare uno funzionante: mentre sostituire un hard disk o aggiungere RAM è un'operazione facile, è pressoché improbabile sostituire una intera scheda madre o uno schermo.
\end{itemize}